As the world marks Environment Day on June 5, Yomal Senerath-Yapa visits the threatened Anavilundawa wetlands where the WNPs together with the Wayamba University and Wildlife Dept. is involved in restoring a critical ecosystem.
Some of the sun-baked plains within the Anavilundawa Bird Sanctuary located between Chilaw and Puttalam are not verdant and lush, but shimmer white in the morning sun. Lapwings and Black-winged stilts rise from their dry shrubs and circle the cerulean sky.
But someday these wastes will be flooded, and the pleasing green abundance of mangroves with their thick roots will cluster the margins of waters. Then will wing the Pied kingfisher, the Stork-billed kingfisher, the Cotton pygmy goose and the pretty, Fulvous whistling-duck in their numbers.
Such is the Edenic vision of the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) and the Wildlife and Nature Protection Society’s (WNPS) Accelerated Natural Regeneration of Mangroves project within this RAMSAR wetland. It is aimed at restoring a critical ecosystem that is crucial to stabilizing the coastline, protecting water quality, reducing coastal flooding and also contributing to the economy and creating jobs.
The WNPS is the key science partner for the project. In their 130-year journey, morphing from the Ceylon Game and Fauna Protection Society into the Wildlife Protection Society, their milestones are establishing the national parks Yala and Wilpattu and working for the establishment of the Department of Wildlife Conservation itself.
The mangrove cover, says Graham Marshall, President of WNPS, was once abundant on the Western coastline. But 50 percent of the island’s mangroves has vanished within the last two decades; only around 17, 000 hectares remain today.
A major toll was taken by prawn farming, and in the case of Anavilundawa, a prawn farm established in 1986 here is wholly responsible for its bleak heath.
Surrounding this area are lush mangroves in their original state. After the prawn farm was abandoned in 1991 the dykes the farm had created and the introduced chemicals in the soil, ensured it would not be reclaimed naturally by neighbouring mangroves.
We were given a glimpse of the erstwhile splendour of this plot when Graham led us on a mangrove safari through those pristine stretches of the Anavilundawa Sanctuary.
The light, blue plastic theppama (the flat fishing craft used in lagoons) rocked when we gingerly stepped on, but Sampath from nearby Muthupanthiya steered adroitly under bridges and through the mangroves, under cool dark cavernous growths like dappled coves while kingfishers darted in and herons posed elegantly.
Here are found 13 species of true mangrove plants out of the total of 21 found in Sri Lanka. When restoring, only these 13 species are used and seeds have to come from mother plants strictly within Anavilundawa (even seeds from nearby Chilaw won’t do) – so sensitive are these organisms.
When restoring mangroves, site selection is key. Restoration is not the same as replanting, and aims at creating a whole ecosystem and its services. The aim is not to ‘recreate’ the state (in this instance) pre-1986, but an ecosystem suited to conditions today.
The chosen sites should have no sea grass beds and must have good soil and water quality.
The plots are watered by the Dutch (Hamilton) Canal. The theppama took us to the far reaches of the plot where above the whitish sun-burnt plains shore birds are seen pirouetting amidst white clouds in an impossibly blue sky.
Cut into this azure, ochre and green land are the canals where mangroves have been planted. The older canal systems are perfectly fishbone-shaped seen from above.
The later ones, however, are not symmetrical, the sub-canals tending to snake wildly.
The reason, explains Graham Marshall, is that these later ones follow contour mapping. The Sri Lanka Navy’s Hydrographic Unit spent one and a half months producing a contour map of the whole site. While the fishbone canals were an 80% success, the later pattern easily would score a hundred percent.
Thilina Kumarasiri, postgraduate student and senior research officer attached to the WNPS, is one of those passionate about nature. In their green lab he plies us with thambili and talks about a project that has become an all-embracing passion.
Thilina and the young team, all drawn from the University of Wayamba which is a key partner in the project, reside nearby. Some thrilling experiences they have had include spotting fishing cats (as elusive as- if not more than – the leopard) in the moonlight, coming across jackals and venomous snakes.
Near the lab, in the deep shade, Graham points out last season’s nurseries. While some species can be planted direct, others need tender care for three to four months. They are watered at least twice a day.
Random plants are tagged both in nursery and plot, and every two months the research team checks details like height, inter nodal distance, distance between two mature leaves on top, length and width of a leaf, the number of stilt roots and prop roots, etc. All this goes to a database and is sent to the Ministry of Environment.
Regular surveys keep the teams busy: the phenology survey (in order to make the first mangrove phenology calendar in Sri Lanka); a bird survey; a butterfly survey (more than 85 species so far ticked) and a water quality survey.
Enlightening the community is important, and instead of befuddling them with jargon, the team informs how more mangroves mean a better prawn and crab harvest to keep the home fires burning.
It was a major triumph to convince the community, and today they are a thriving part of their kadolana site eka– cooperating readily.
Says Thilina, “While on the one hand we have professional experts like Prof. Sevvandi Jayakody (see box), we also have the local experts”: the traditional knowledge the villagers have of mangroves is priceless and can sometimes be more beneficial than textbook science.
Thilina says they also work on educating local schoolchildren and some from Muthupanthiya and some Colombo schools have visited the project.
The mangroves are finally a lifeline for the community. The plants themselves can be used to manufacture products from charcoal pencils to herbal tea. The team is also looking to have mangrove safaris at night for tourists when fireflies create an atmosphere that is unforgettable, twinkling in their millions amidst the groves.
Anavilundawa was in the news last week when reports highlighted large numbers of fish including the Nile tilapia and pelicans found dead within the sanctuary.
The Wildlife and Nature Protection Society says multiple factors could be responsible. The ancient reservoirs of the Anavilundawa cascade system have become shallow due to gradual siltation and invasive flora like water hyacinth. Also the new irrigation channels keep the water in the system year-round (while previously there were dry spells) affecting water quality, sedimentation and the decay of organic matter.
“The perennial inundation may also contribute to the death of veteran trees like Helamba and Kumbuk, altering the water and soil’s physic-chemical properties.”
Bird faeces and agricultural runoff from paddy fields, cultivated twice a year due to new irrigation, increase nutrient levels in the water. High nutrient levels can alter algal communities, causing extreme oxygen fluctuations which can be fatal to fish.
Also, extreme dry spells and elevated temperature since 2023 have been linked to mass fish deaths in Asia, and could affect this system. Dry spells can lead to oxygen depletion in water and invasive plants can block oxygen exchange, also decaying organic matter under high temperatures can release gases harmful to aquatic life.
However, says the WNPS, “systematic studies are essential before making any management decisions.”
The WNPS bird survey meanwhile had observed an ‘unusual number’ of spot-billed pelicans feeding in the cascade before the bird deaths, but in the past few days the pelicans have relocated to new habitats which could indicate changes in water and environmental quality adversely affecting them.
The WNPS view is that experts especially limnologists, must collaborate to understand the ongoing changes… Let’s avoid hasty actions that would harm these important wetlands, they urge.
Prof. Sevvandi Jayakody, conservationist and echinodermologist, Chair Professor of the Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries of Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, is the expert in the team.
Says Prof. Jayakody- “It is vital to ensure science-based restoration in Sri Lanka- that is when we can make evidence-based decisions. This can be achieved by systematic investigation. So at Anavilundawa we ensure scientific investigations.
“The work at Anavilundawa is conducted following the national guidelines for restoring mangroves. We make sure that the guidelines are followed, and accordingly reported.
“We are talking about restoration at a time when IUCN red listing of mangroves report has indicated that Sri Lanka’s mangroves are critically endangered.”
On August 1, Sri Lanka celebrates Sri Lankan Leopard Day based on a proposal put forward by the Wildlife and Nature Preservation Society of Sri Lanka (WNPS), Sri Lanka’s oldest (and the world’s third oldest) nature protection society.
The Multi-Regional Monitoring System for the Sri Lankan Leopard project established in early 2022 through the joint efforts of LOLC Holdings PLC and the WNPS is designed to monitor and protect the nation’s apex predator against both longstanding and emerging threats.
While many of the leopards within natural reserves and sanctuaries are identified and accounted for, there remains a pressing need to understand the distribution and behaviour of this species outside the protected zones. The Multi-Regional Monitoring System will rely on a collaborative research-based model to gain a deeper understanding of the core issues as more reports of leopard deaths and close interactions between humans and leopards come in.
The hope is that this can improve understanding of the complex dynamics that exist between humans and leopards across the island, and enable solutions to mitigate the challenges faced by both parties on a daily basis.
This article first appeared in the Sunday Times on the 28th of July 2024.
On a larger scale, all development activity has to factor in the areas earmarked for development being suitable. All Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) should be able to determine the presence or absence of leopards in a given project area (not based on anecdotes and sightings) and recommend site specific mitigatory measures. If indeed leopard habitat will inevitably be lost due to that specific project, awarding alternate lands will have to be investigated by the GOSL. Unlike with elephants, the presence or absence of leopards is not immediately obvious to a casual or untrained observer. Outside of protected areas, leopard activity tends to be entirely nocturnal and secretive hence, those skilled at picking up the ‘spoor’ of leopards should be deployed in the field by the EIA team.
On a global scale, we need to collaborate with other countries and other scientists studying leopards throughout the vast range of the species. Although our leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya) is a sub species, leopard sub species across their range have far more in common with each other than with any other cat species large or small. We need to adopt best practices in conservation, as well as be aware of how climate change is affecting wilderness and wildlife, and plan mitigatory measures and strategies. Our own continued existence on this island depends on how much strategic forest cover and related biodiversity we are able to conserve. On an island of our size (despite the subcontinental illusion) the margin for error is limited and the responsibility for conservation of this species is entirely ours.
This article first appeared in The Island on the 28th of July 2024.
Mangroves in Negombo are fast infested with invasive trees. Therefore Prof. Jayakody and the team suggests that the Forest Conservation Department could encourage people to cut down invasive trees and produce fish aggregating devices instead of mangroves.
She further said that immediately after the fallow period farmers start using weedicides to prepare for the next harvesting season. “But having seen the amazing number of birds we wonder whether we could discuss with farmers in producing a bird friendly rice variety which could be sold at a premium price. This way they will be mindful about controlling their use of weedicides and it will be a win-win situation for both farmers and birds. It could be marketed as a bird friendly rice from the RAMSAR site,” she added.
The ANRM project is owned by the DWC while the WNPS is the principle science partner to the DWC. State institutions involved in the project include Ministry of Environment in addition to the Department of Forests and Wayamba University. Several partners that have collaborated with WNPS in this endeavor include Hemas Consumer Brands, Lanka Environment Fund, Hayley’s Advantis, CMA CGM, Star Garments, Hirdramani Apparel and Biodiversity Sri Lanka. The international partners of WNPS include US Forest Service, CEFAS-UK and CSIRO Australia.
This article first appeared in the Daily Mirror on the 17th of December 2024.
A predator’s survival depends heavily on the availability of natural prey. Although wild prey- deer, primates, wildboar – are still present, reducing wild habitat, particularly due to deforestation, further reduces the vegetation and cover needed to support healthy prey populations.
Many forested areas are used for free-range cattle grazing, leading to increased competition for food and space, which puts further pressure on wild herbivores. If prey becomes scarce, leopards are forced to seek alternatives, such as domestic livestock, bringing them into conflict with humans, and increasing the risk to them from retaliatory killings and disease.
The threats faced by leopards in Sri Lanka are not isolated; they are interconnected and compounding. Habitat loss leads to fragmentation, which in turn isolates populations, increases conflict, and heightens vulnerability to snares and poaching. The decline of prey and the rise of human settlements only tighten the noose.
But Sri Lanka finds itself in a better position than many other nations with substantial extant biodiversity, including wild prey for leopards, as well as reasonable forest cover and a climate that allows for effective reforestation and natural regeneration of degraded areas. A well-entrenched conservation ethic which sees sharing space with wildlife as normal creates additional momentum for long-term conservation.
Conservation solutions must be multi-faceted: protecting existing habitats, reconnecting fragmented landscapes through identified ecological corridors, and strengthening law enforcement. Community engagement and snare removal campaigns are also crucial in areas where these are now very real threats.
Wildlife needs stepping stones of connected forests within the fabric of a human dominated landscape. We must move beyond thinking of Protected Areas as islands. Instead, they should be viewed as nodes in a larger ecological network — one that requires political will, scientific insight, and public support to thrive. The leopard is an ideal proxy for wider conservation on this island. It’s unique ‘Umbrella species’ status – the influence it exerts on larger landscapes and biodiversity – means that ensuring this island leopards future, could ensure our functioning ecosystems.
We must act now, so that the Sri Lankan leopard does not become a shadow in the future— a symbol of a wilderness we failed to preserve. It bodes well that we still have leopards, let us not take that for granted.
This article first appeared in the Sunday Observer on the 3rd of August 2025.
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